====== The Installation Guide ======
The intention of this reference Guide is to assist users in the process of installing **Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre** from the live system booted with the official installation image. This page assumes you have some **level of experience** with GNU/Linux systems and utilities, especially with the command line. Before beginning, we recommend you to employ the man ''command'' to read the man page of any command they are not familiar with. The Hyperbola wiki (known as **HyperWiki**) should be the primary source of information and your first resource during trouble-shooting.
==== Blind and visually impaired users ====
[[en:project:downloads#Hyperbola]] includes **brltty**, for those who own braille displays. The [[https://www.hyperbola.info/packages/?q=brltty|brltty]] package available on the CD was compiled with as few dependencies as possible. If you wish to use braille, you will need to supply the brltty parameter at the boot prompt. Alternatively, you can start brltty from the shell, after the system has booted.
The brltty boot-time parameter consists of three comma-separated fields: **driver**, **device**, and **table**. The first is the driver for your display, the second is the name of the device file, and the third is a relative path to a translation table. You can use "auto" to specify that the driver should be automatically detected. I encourage you to read the brltty documentation for a fuller explanation of the program.
For example, suppose that you have a device connected to /dev/ttyS0, the first serial port. You wish to use the US English text table, and the driver should be **automatically detected**. Here is what you should type at the boot prompt:
arch32 brltty=auto,ttyS0,en_US
Once brltty is running, you may wish to disable speech. You can do so via the "print screen" key, also known as sysrq. On my qwerty keyboard, that key is located directly above the insert key, between F12 and scroll lock.
===== Create bootable image =====
==== Download live image ====
Make sure to change your BIOS settings so that your computer will boot from your optical disk or USB stick.
Download the new **Hyperbola ISO** from the [[en:project:downloads|download page]].
* Instead of six different images we only provide a **single one** which can be booted into an **i686** and **x86_64** live system to install **Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre** over the network.
=== Verify the live image ====
Once you have downloaded the [[en:project:downloads|Live image]] as described you should verify it following: {{page>en:manual:verify_live_images}}.
* Install images are **signed** and it is highly recommend to **verify their signature** before use. On **Hyperbola**, this can be done by using pacman-key -v .sig
* The image can be burned to a **CD**, mounted as an **ISO** file, or directly written to a **USB stick** using a utility like dd. It is intended for new installations only; an existing **Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre** system can always be updated with pacman -Syu.
==== Writing a Hyperbola ISO image to an USB drive ====
=== Burn the image to your optical disk ===
To create a disk to use as your install medium, insert a blank or re-writable disk, CD or DVD, into your disk drive. Next, you will need to mount the disk.
# mount sr0
Provided your computer has a disk drive. Sr0 should the first or only, if you only have one disk drive, mount point of disk drives. You will need to address the correct destination for the command to work.
# dd if=~/hyperbola-milky-way-v0.4.3-dual.iso of=/dev/sr0 bs=2048 conv=noerror && sync
=== Write the image to your USB ===
If you don’t have an ISO writer, go (change directory) to the folder where you saved the downloaded Live image (probably the Downloads folder) and type the following into your terminal:
# dd if=hyperbola-milky-way-v0.4.3-dual.iso of=/dev/sdb bs=2048 && sync
Usually works fine, even though I’ve seen other commands; feel free to modify it.
To find out what’s the name of the USB device, type fdisk -l
You’ll probably see something like this:
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sda1 2048 8390655 8388608 4G 82 Linux swap /Solaris
/dev/sda2 * 8390656 976773167 968382512 461,8G 83 Linux
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 * 0 1255423 1255424 613M 0 Empty
/dev/sdb2 172 63659 63488 31M ef EFI (FAT-12/16/32)
From the above, sda is your HDD, and the sdb is your USB device where you’re going to write your Live image.
Also take a note of your partitions, you will come to need it when you’re creating the file system and mounting the root partition during the installation.
Once you’ve downloaded, verified and written the Live image to your USB device, you can move on to boot your computer from your USB.
# dd if=''[iso file]'' of=''[usb device file]'' bs=1M && sync
''**[iso file]**'' is the path to the **ISO image** file.
''**[usb device file]**'' is the path to the **USB device** file. dmesg or lsblk --fs can be used to learn this path. It is often similar to device filenames of storage devices like hard drives and SSDs, e.g. /dev/sdb '''**It is very important to use the correct value**''' to avoid overwriting other storage devices.
===== Internet Connection =====
==== Connect to the Internet ====
As of v197, **udev** no longer assigns network interface names according to the **wlanX** and **ethX** naming scheme. If you are coming from a different distribution or are reinstalling **Hyperbola** and not aware of the new interface naming style, please do not assume that your wireless interface is named wlan0, or that your wired interface is named eth0. You can use the command ip link to discover the names of your interfaces.
A DHCP service is already enabled for **all available devices**. If you need to setup a static IP or use management tools, you should stop this service first:
# rc-service dhcpcd stop
The [[https://www.hyperbola.info/packages/?q=dhcpcd|dhcpcd]] network daemon starts automatically during boot and it will attempt to start a wired connection. Try to ping a server to see if a connection was established. For example, gnu.org:
# ping -c 3 gnu.org
PING gnu.org (208.118.235.148) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from wildebeest.gnu.org (208.118.235.148): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=183 ms
64 bytes from wildebeest.gnu.org (208.118.235.148): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=168 ms
64 bytes from wildebeest.gnu.org (208.118.235.148): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=183 ms
--- gnu.org ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2002ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 168.131/178.357/183.914/7.248 ms
If you get a ping: unknown host error, first check if there is an issue with your cable or wireless signal strength. If not, you will need to set up the network manually, as explained below.
=== Wired ===
Follow this procedure if you need to set up a wired connection via a **static IP address**.
First, disable the dhcpcd service which was started automatically at boot:
# rc-service dhcpcd stop
Identify the name of your Ethernet interface.
# ip link
1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: enp2s0f0: mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000
link/ether 00:11:25:31:69:20 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: wlp3s0: mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DORMANT qlen 1000
link/ether 01:02:03:04:05:06 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
In this example, the Ethernet interface is **enp2s0f0**. If you are unsure, your Ethernet interface is likely to start with the letter "**e**", and unlikely to be "**lo**" or start with the letter "**w**". You can also use iwconfig and see which interfaces are not wireless:
# iwconfig
enp2s0f0 no wireless extensions.
wlp3s0 IEEE 802.11bgn ESSID:"NETGEAR97"
Mode:Managed Frequency:2.427 GHz Access Point: 2C:B0:5D:9C:72:BF
Bit Rate=65 Mb/s Tx-Power=16 dBm
Retry long limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off
Power Management:on
Link Quality=61/70 Signal level=-49 dBm
Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag:0
Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:430 Missed beacon:0
lo no wireless extensions.
In this example, neither **enp2s0f0** nor the **loopback** device have wireless extensions, meaning **enp2s0f0** is our Ethernet interface.
You also need to **know these settings**:
* Static IP address.
* Subnet mask.
* Gateway's IP address.
* Name servers' (DNS) IP addresses.
* Domain name (unless you are on a local LAN, in which case you can make it up).
Activate the connected Ethernet interface (e.g. **enp2s0f0**):
# ip link set enp2s0f0 up
Add the address:
# ip addr add ip_address/subnetmask dev interface_name
For example:
# ip addr add 192.168.1.2/24 dev enp2s0f0
For more options, run man ip.
Add your gateway like this, substituting your own gateway's IP address:
# ip route add default via ip_address
For example:
# ip route add default via 192.168.1.1
Edit resolv.conf, substituting your name servers' IP addresses and your local domain name:
# nano /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 61.23.173.5
nameserver 61.95.849.8
search example.com
Currently, you may include a maximum of three nameserver lines. In order to overcome this limitation, you can use a locally caching nameserver like **Dnsmasq**.
You should now have a working network connection.
=== Wireless ===
Follow this procedure if you need **wireless connectivity (Wi-Fi)** during the installation process.
First, identify the name of your wireless interface.
# iw dev
phy#0
Interface wlp3s0
ifindex 3
wdev 0x1
addr 00:21:6a:5e:52:bc
type managed
In this example, **wlp3s0** is the available wireless interface. If you are unsure, your wireless interface is likely to start with the letter "**w**", and unlikely to be "**lo**" or start with the letter "**e**".
If you do not see output similar to this, then your wireless driver has not been loaded.
Bring the interface up with:
# ip link set wlp3s0 up
If you get this error message:
SIOCSIFFLAGS: No such file or directory
Then, your wireless chipset could need a non-free firmware to function. **This is not supported on Hyperbola**.
Next, use iw dev wlp3s0 scan | grep SSID to scan for available networks, then connect to a network with:
# wpa_supplicant -B -i wlp3s0 -c <(wpa_passphrase "ssid" "psk")
You need to replace **ssid** with the name of your network (e.g. "Linksys etc...") and psk with your wireless password, **leaving the quotes around the network name and password**.
Finally, you have to give your interface an IP address. This can be set manually or using the dhcp:
# dhcpcd wlp3s0
If that does not work, issue the following commands:
# echo 'ctrl_interface=DIR=/run/wpa_supplicant' > /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
# wpa_passphrase >> /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
# ip link set up # May not be needed as dhcpcd should bring it up but may be needed for wpa_supplicant.
# wpa_supplicant -B -D nl80211 -c /foobar.conf -i
# dhcpcd -A
=== ADSL with PPPoE/PPPoA ===
Follow this procedure if you need **ADSL with PPPoE/PPPoA** during the installation process.
First, identify the name of your Ethernet interface.
# ip link
1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
2: enp2s0f0: mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000
link/ether 00:11:25:31:69:20 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
3: wlp3s0: mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP mode DORMANT qlen 1000
link/ether 01:02:03:04:05:06 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
In this example, the Ethernet interface is **enp2s0f0**.
Second, create the PPP net script and the net script for the Ethernet interface to be used by PPP:
# ln -s /etc/init.d/net.lo /etc/init.d/net.ppp0
# ln -s /etc/init.d/net.lo /etc/init.d/net.enp2s0f0
Be sure to set rc_depend_strict to **YES** in /etc/rc.conf.
Now we need to configure /etc/conf.d/net.
# nano /etc/conf.d/net
config_eth0=null (Specify the ethernet interface)
config_ppp0="ppp"
link_ppp0="enp2s0f0" (Specify the ethernet interface)
plugins_ppp0="pppoe"
username_ppp0='user'
password_ppp0='password'
pppd_ppp0="
noauth
defaultroute
usepeerdns
holdoff 3
child-timeout 60
lcp-echo-interval 15
lcp-echo-failure 3
noaccomp noccp nobsdcomp nodeflate nopcomp novj novjccomp"
rc_net_ppp0_need="net.enp2s0f0"
It is also possible to set the password in /etc/ppp/pap-secrets.
Please carefully read the section on ADSL and PPP in /usr/share/doc/netifrc-*/net.example.bz2. It contains many more detailed explanations of all the settings any particular PPP setup will likely need.
Now that the interface is configured, we can start it using the following commands:
rc-service net.ppp0 start
=== Behind a proxy server ===
If you are behind a proxy server, you will need to export the http_proxy and ftp_proxy environment variables.
===== Installation =====
==== Partition disks ====
These instructions assume that you are using MBR (Master Boot Record) as the partitioning scheme for your installation disk. Installation on a GPT-based disk is slightly different than the process described here.
Once your computer has successfully booted into the Live USB device, type the following into you terminal:
# cfdisk /dev/sda
This will bring up a graphical partitioning table, and will look somewhat like fig. 1 (see above). Use the Tab and arrow keys to navigate. This is assuming that you want Hyperbola installed on your HDD.
Delete all the partitions so that you only see Free Space.
Then make a new partition by choosing New and then make it Primary. Make this first partition a Swap. 1/4 of you computer’s memory should be enough. So with 8 GB of memory, your Swap would then be 2 GB. Then choose the End flag.
The rest of the space should be made Primary, then choose the Boot flag to make this partition bootable. Then choose Write and type ’yes’ to save your changes to disk. Then Quit.
You will then have something like this:
sda2 Boot Primary Linux
sda1 Primary Linux Swap / Solaris
Take note of the fact that the root partition that you soon will mount, is the bootable one (in this example the sda2) that you made from the rest of the space after creating the Swap partition.
Remember to create any stacked block devices like **LUKS**, or **RAID**.
==== System Configuration ====
=== Activate swap ===
# mkswap /dev/sda1
# swapon /dev/sda1
=== Keyboard layout ===
For many countries and keyboard types appropriate keymaps are available already, and a command like loadkeys uk might do what you want. More available keymap files can be found in /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/ (you can omit the keymap path and file extension when using loadkeys).
If you’re not using an English keyboard, you can set your language by typing loadkeys followed by you language. Available keymap files can be found in /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/ (you can omit the keymap path and file extension when using loadkeys). For British users, type:
# loadkeys uk.
==== Format the partitions ====
If you are using (U)EFI you will most probably need another partition to host the UEFI System partition.
=== Create a file system ===
To create the ext4 file system, type:
# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2
=== Mount the partitions ===
We now must mount the root partition on /mnt. You should also create directories for and mount any other partitions (/mnt/boot, /mnt/home, ...) and mount your swap-partition if you want them to be detected by genfstab.
=== Mount the root partition ===
# mount /dev/sda2 /mnt
==== Verification of system-date ====
To check that your computer has the correct time, enter date in the terminal.
# date
If the date is incorrect, you will need to manually set the correct time.
# date MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]
where **MM** is the month, **DD** the day, **hh** the hour, **mm** the minutes, **CC** the century, **YY** the year and **.SS** the seconds of current time, the seconds can be omitted (and then also the dot before them should be omitted), the year can also be submitted or just the century. for instance if the current time is 32 seconds and 44 minutes past 18 (6 pm) on the 13th November 2013. Then the command would be:
# date 111318442013.32
==== Base system installation ====
Before installing, you may want to edit /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist such that your preferred mirror is first. This copy of the mirrorlist will be installed on your new system by pacstrap as well, so it's worth getting it right.
Install the base system using pacstrap:
# pacstrap /mnt base
You can install additional packages passing base and the names of these packages as arguments after the root directory of the new installation (all packages from the **base group** are installed if no package is specified).
You can also use package group **base-devel** to include developement and contribution tools
If you have a **btrfs root**, you probably want to install also [[https://www.hyperbola.info/packages/?q=btrfs-progs|btrfs-progs]].
==== Wireless tools installation ====
If your wireless network is WPA protected, you'll need [[https://www.hyperbola.info/packages/?q=wpa_supplicant|wpa_supplicant]] to connect to it:
# pacstrap /mnt wpa_supplicant
==== System configuration ====
=== Generate an fstab ===
# genfstab -U -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
Generate a **fstab** with the following command (if you prefer to use UUIDs or labels, add the -U or -L option, respectively):
# genfstab -p /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
=== Chroot and configure the base system ===
Next we need to enter directly our newly installed system:
# arch-chroot /mnt
=== Hostname ===
Usually it’s sufficient to set your hostname to localhost.
# echo localhost > /etc/hostname
Add the same hostname, i.e. localhost, to /etc/hosts.
Type:
# nano /etc/hosts
#
127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost localhost
::1 localhost.localdomain localhost localhost
=== Locale ===
Type the following to set locale preferences in /etc/locale.conf
# nano /etc/locale.gen
Now choose your locale from what language you’re using. All locales are commented out (preceded by #) by default. Uncomment (remove the #) for your choice of locale. For US English, it should look like this:
...
#en_SG ISO-8859-1
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8
#en_US ISO-8859-1
...
After you’ve uncommented your language, run the command:
# locale-gen
Then check the file /etc/locale.conf. If not existing you can create it like following up:
# echo LANG=en_US.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf
Then export your chosen locale, just in case for your current session
# export LANG=en_US.UTF-8
Add console keymap and font preferences in /etc/conf.d/keymaps
=== Keymap ===
As the locale, you need to setup the keymap in the file /etc/conf.d/keymaps:
keymap="us"
If you have an advanced usage of your keymap, you can watch the other functionalities, documented in the comments. You can find all the available keymaps in /usr/share/kbd/keymaps. Then run:
# rc-update add keymaps default
This only applies for CLI, is you are using X11, this won't affect your graphical environment.
=== Time zone ===
Create a symbolic link /etc/localtime to your subzone file /usr/share/zoneinfo/Zone/SubZone:
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Zone/SubZone /etc/localtime
Example:
# ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Oslo /etc/localtime
If you get ln: failed to create symbolic link ’/etc/localtime’: File exists, then run:
# ln -s -f /usr/share/zoneinfo/Zone/SubZone /etc/localtime
=== Hardware clock ===
Set the hardware clock to UTC
# hwclock --systohc --utc
=== Root password ===
Remember when you’re typing in your root password (as any password) into the terminal, it won’t show. Just carefully type in your chosen root password and repeat it when asked to.
# passwd
* Set a root password with passwd
* Add your user to the relevant **group** such as:
# gpasswd -a video
------------------------------
==== Bootloader installation and configuration ====
=== GRUB ===
Finally follow these steps:
# pacman -S grub
# grub-install --target=i386-pc --recheck /dev/sdX
Here do NOT append a partition number, i.e. /dev/sdaX)
To configure the bootloader, you have to install it and generate the file grub.cfg:
# grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
=== Syslinux ===
[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SYSLINUX|Syslinux]] is a collection of boot loaders capable of booting from drives, CDs, and over the network via PXE. Install the **[[https://www.hyperbola.info/packages/?q=syslinux|syslinux]]**-package with the following command:
# pacstrap /mnt syslinux
For further details refer to the [[https://wiki.parabola.nu/Syslinux|corresponding article at Parabola]].
=== Create RAM-disk ===
Configure /etc/mkinitcpio.conf as needed (//see man-page for mkinitcpio//) and create an initial RAM disk with:
# mkinitcpio -p linux-libre-lts
linux-libre-lts is **our default kernel** since we are a long-term support distro.
If you want to install GRUB for the (U)EFI mode, you will need to make sure that:
* The computer booted in (U)EFI mode (if /sys/firmware/efi exist, then it booted in (U)EFI mode)
* The efivars module is loaded. (modprobe efivars will load it)
=== Unmount and reboot ===
If you are still in the chroot environment type exit or press Ctrl+D in order to exit.
# exit
Earlier we mounted the partitions under /mnt. In this step we will unmount them:
# umount -R /mnt
If you have made separate partitions on your system, do this instead:
# umount /mnt/{boot,home,}
Now reboot and then login into the new system.
# reboot
Remember to remove your installation medium (your USB stick) before you reboot into your system. To log in, you type root and your password.
Congratulations! You have now installed **Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre** onto you computer.
===== Post-installation =====
You will now have to create a user and get user privileges like doas. And of course, you will have to install your favourite desktop.
=== Configure pacman ===
Edit /etc/pacman.conf and configure pacman's options, also enabling the repositories you need.
=== Update the system ===
At this point you should update your system.
# pacman -Syu
=== Add an user and groups for privileges ===
Finally, add a normal user.
# useradd -g users -m -s /bin/bash
You should consider the following groups to be used at start:
# usermod -aG video
# usermod -aG audio
# usermod -aG sys
# usermod -aG storage
# usermod -aG optical
# usermod -aG power
# usermod -aG network
# usermod -aG input
If you want to access for updating:
# usermod -aG wheel
Please remember also that to execute and access installed free, libre games you need another group-membership:
# usermod -aG games
==== Service management ====
Since Hyperbola is oriented on init-freedom, we suggest you read about [[https://wiki.hyperbola.info/doku.php?id=en:system:init_systems:openrc|OpenRC]] which is our main default init system.
===== Conclusion =====
Your new **Hyperbola GNU/Linux-libre** base system is now a **functional GNU/Linux environment**.
===== Acknowledgement =====
This wiki article is based on **[[https://wiki.parabola.nu/|ParabolaWiki]]**. We may have removed non-[[https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html|FSDG]] bits from it.