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Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
O Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) define of principais diretórios e conteúdos num sistema operativo GNU/Linux ou qualquer outro sistema baseado e Unix.
Síntese
O processo de desenvolver um estandarte de herarquia de sistema de arquivo comecou em Agosto de 1993 com um esforco de organizar a estrutura de ficheiros e directorios do sistema operativo GNU/Linux. O FSSTND (Filesystem Standard), um estandarte de ierarquia de sistema de arquivo especifico para o sistema operativo GNU/Linux, foi lancado em 14 de Fevreiro de 1994. Revisoes subsequentes foram lancadas a 9 de Outubro de 1994 e a 28 de Marco de 1995.
No inicio de 1996, o objetivo de desenvolver uma versao FSSTND mais completa, com visto a nao abranger somente GNU/Linux, mas tambem outros sistemas operativos Unix, foi adotada com a ajuda de membros da comunidade de desenvolvimento dos BSDs. Por consequencia, um esforco comum foi criado para responder aos problemas de sistemas Unix, como um todo. Reconhecendo o maior abrangimento deste estandarte, apos o lancamento desta nova versao o nome do mesmo foi alterado para Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (ou “FHS”).
O FHS e mantifo pelo Free Standards Group, uma organizacao sem fins lucrativos, composta pelos os maiores fabricantes de hardware e software, como HP, IBM and Dell. Ainda que a vasta maioria de distribuicoes GNU/Linux,incluindo aquelas que desenvolvidas por membros Free Standards Group, continuam nao seguindo o estandarte proposto. Em particular, os directorios criados, como /media/ and /svr/, que nao obstante verificam um baixo nivel de adocao. Alguns sistemas operativos Unix quebram o estandarte FHS, em prol de uma abordagem diferente, como e o caso no sistema operativo GNU/Linux Gobo.
Directory structure
All files and directories appear under the root_directory “/”, even if stored on different physical devices.
A description of the hierarchy specified in the FHS:
| Directory | Description |
|---|---|
| /bin | Essential user command binaries. |
| /boot | Static files of the boot loader |
| /dev | Device files |
| /etc | Host-specific system configuration |
| /etc/local | Host-specific system configuration for Local binaries |
| /etc/opt | Host-specific system configuration for Add-on application software packages |
| /home | User home directories |
| /lib | Essential shared libraries |
| /lib/modules | Loadable kernel modules (monolitic kernel package only) |
| /lib32 | Essential shared libraries for 32bit binaries (multilib packages only) |
| /media | Mount point for removable media |
| /mnt | Mount point for temporarily mounted filesystem / Mount point for mounting a filesystem temporary |
| /opt | Add-on application software packages |
| /proc | Kernel and process information virtual filesystem (mounted with procfs) |
| /root | Home directory for the root user |
| /run | Run-time variable data / Data relevant to running processes |
| /sbin | Essential system command binaries |
| /srv | Data for services provided by this system |
| /sys | Kernel and system information virtual filesystem (Linux* kernel only; mounted with sysfs) |
| /tmp | Temporary files (mounted with tmpfs) |
| /usr | Secondary hierarchy |
| /usr/bin | Most user command binaries |
| /usr/games | Games and educational binaries |
| /usr/include | Directory for standard include files / Header files included by program languages |
| /usr/lib | Shared libraries |
| /usr/lib/games | Shared libraries for game binaries |
| /usr/lib32 | Shared libraries for 32bit binaries (multilib packages only) |
| /usr/lib32/games | Shared libraries for 32bit game binaries (multilib packages only) |
| /usr/libexec | Binaries run by other programs |
| /usr/local | Local hierarchy (for personal installation only) |
| /usr/local/bin | Local user binaries |
| /usr/local/games | Local games and educational binaries |
| /usr/local/include | Local directory for standard include files / Local header files included by program languages |
| /usr/local/lib | Local shared libraries |
| /usr/local/lib/games | Local shared libraries for game binaries |
| /usr/local/lib32 | Local shared libraries for 32bit binaries (multilib packages only) |
| /usr/local/lib32/games | Local shared libraries for 32bit game binaries (multilib packages only) |
| /usr/local/libexec | Local binaries run by other programs |
| /usr/local/sbin | Local system binaries |
| /usr/local/share | Local architecture-independent data |
| /usr/local/share/doc | Local miscellaneous documentation (documentation packages only) |
| /usr/local/share/games | Local static data files for game binaries |
| /usr/local/share/info | Local primary directory for GNU Info system (texinfo package only) |
| /usr/local/share/man | Local online manuals / Local manual pages |
| /usr/local/share/misc | Local miscellaneous architecture-independent data |
| /usr/local/src | Local source code (source code packages only) |
| /usr/sbin | Non-vital system command binaries |
| /usr/share | Architecture-independent data |
| /usr/share/doc | Miscellaneous documentation (documentation packages only) |
| /usr/share/games | Static data files for game binaries |
| /usr/share/info | Primary directory for GNU Info system (texinfo package only) |
| /usr/share/man | Online manuals / Manual pages |
| /usr/share/misc | Miscellaneous architecture-independent data |
| /usr/src | Source code (source code packages only) |
| /var | Variable data |
| /var/cache | Application cache data |
| /var/crash | Kernel crash dumps (Linux* kernels not supported) |
| /var/games | Variable game data |
| /var/lib | Variable state information |
| /var/lib/misc | Miscellaneous state data |
| /var/local | Variable data for Local binaries |
| /var/lock | Lock files |
| /var/log | Log files |
| /var/mail | User mailbox files |
| /var/opt | Variable data for Add-on application software packages |
| /var/spool | Application spool data |
| /var/tmp | Temporary files preserved between system reboots |
Créditos
Este Artigo de wiki e baseado na DebianWiki. Nos poderemos ter removido partes não-FSDG deste.